轉述別人說的話怎麼講?英文間接引述的時態後移與代名詞轉換

「老師說明天要考試」「他告訴我他很累」,日常生活中我們經常轉述別人說過的話。在英文裡,這種把別人的話換成自己的句子來說的方式,稱為間接引述(reported speech)。它和直接引用(加引號原封不動地重複)不同,需要調整時態、代名詞和時間地點的說法。很多人在口說時會直接照搬原句,結果聽起來時態混亂。本文整理間接引述的主要規則,幫助你說得更自然。

直接引述與間接引述的差別

直接引述會保留原話並加上引號,例如:She said, “I am tired.”;間接引述則把原話融入自己的句子,不加引號,例如:She said (that) she was tired.。可以看到,代名詞從 I 變成 she,動詞從 am 變成 was。間接引述的 that 在口語中常被省略。

規則一:時態往過去退一格

當轉述用的動詞是過去式(said、told 等),原句的時態通常要往過去退一格,這叫做時態後移(backshift)。常見的對應如下:

  • 現在簡單式 → 過去簡單式:I like coffee. → He said he liked coffee.
  • 現在進行式 → 過去進行式:I am working. → She said she was working.
  • 現在完成式 → 過去完成式:I have finished. → He said he had finished.
  • 過去簡單式 → 過去完成式:I lost my key. → She said she had lost her key.
  • will → would:I will call you. → He said he would call me.
  • can → could:I can help. → She said she could help.

過去式退成過去完成式的規則,在口語中有時會被簡化,保留過去式也常被接受,例如 She said she lost her key.,只要時間關係清楚即可。

不需要時態後移的情況

時態後移並不是絕對的。以下幾種情況可以保留原本的時態:

  • 轉述動詞是現在式時:He says he is busy.(他說他很忙。——現在正在轉述)
  • 內容至今仍然成立時:She said she lives in Taipei.(若她現在仍住台北,可以不後移。)
  • 普遍事實或真理:The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.

判斷原則是:如果轉述的內容「現在依然為真」,保留原時態能讓聽者知道這件事仍然有效;如果只是在描述當時的說法,就使用後移。

規則二:代名詞要從說話者角度調整

轉述時,原句中的 I、you、my、your 等要依照「現在是誰在說、在說給誰聽」重新判斷。

  • Tom: “I like your idea.” → Tom said he liked my idea.(Tom 對我說)
  • Amy: “We will visit you.” → Amy said they would visit us.

這一步最容易出錯,建議先在腦中想清楚「原句的 I 是誰、you 是誰」,再換成第三人稱或第一人稱。

規則三:時間與地點副詞也要換

因為轉述的時間和地點已經不同,原句中的時間地點說法也需要調整:

  • now → then / at that time
  • today → that day
  • tomorrow → the next day / the following day
  • yesterday → the day before / the previous day
  • next week → the following week
  • here → there;this → that

例如 He said, “I will finish it tomorrow.” 轉述成 He said he would finish it the next day.。不過如果轉述發生在同一天,說 He said he would finish it tomorrow. 也完全合理,重點是讓時間關係正確。

轉述問句:語序改回直述句

轉述問句時,要用 asked 等動詞,並把問句語序改回「主詞+動詞」。

  • Yes/No 問句加 if 或 whether:”Are you ready?” → She asked if I was ready.
  • Wh- 問句保留疑問詞:”Where do you live?” → He asked where I lived.

常見錯誤是寫成 He asked where did I live.,保留了問句的倒裝語序。記住:間接引述的問句已經不是問句,句尾也用句號而不是問號。

轉述命令與請求:tell / ask+人+to V

轉述命令、要求或建議時,常用 tell、ask、advise 等動詞,加上「人+to+原形動詞」。

  • “Close the door.” → She told me to close the door.
  • “Please wait here.” → He asked us to wait there.
  • “Don’t be late.” → The manager told us not to be late.

say 與 tell 的用法差別

say 後面不直接接人,若要提到對象要用 say to someone;tell 後面則通常直接接人。

  • She said (that) she was busy./She said to me that she was busy.
  • She told me (that) she was busy.

常見錯誤是 She said me…,這是不正確的。

練習方法

可以找一段簡短的英文對話或訪談,先把每一句直接引述的話改寫成間接引述,再檢查時態、代名詞和時間副詞是否都調整了。另一個實用的練習是每天睡前用英文轉述當天聽到的一句話,例如 My colleague told me that the meeting had been moved to Friday.,讓規則慢慢內化成習慣。

除了 said 與 told,還有哪些轉述動詞

一直使用 said 和 told 會讓句子顯得單調。英文中有許多轉述動詞可以更精確地表達原話的語氣與目的:

  • explain:解釋。He explained that the train had been delayed.
  • admit:承認。She admitted that she had forgotten the meeting.
  • promise:承諾。They promised to send the report by Friday.
  • suggest:建議。My friend suggested that we take a taxi.
  • complain:抱怨。The customer complained that the room was too noisy.
  • remind:提醒。The teacher reminded us to bring our dictionaries.

選對轉述動詞,聽者不需要聽到原話,就能理解說話者當時的態度。例如 admit 暗示說話者原本不太願意承認,promise 則表示一種承諾。這在寫報告、做會議紀錄或描述事件經過時特別實用。

需要注意的是,不同動詞後面接的句型不同:promise 和 agree 常接 to+原形動詞;remind、advise 接「人+to+原形動詞」;suggest 則接 that 子句或動名詞,不接「人+to V」。例如不說 He suggested me to go.,而說 He suggested that I go. 或 He suggested going.。遇到新的轉述動詞時,順便查一下它的常見句型,就能避免這類錯誤。

最後提醒,在新聞報導和會議紀錄中,間接引述幾乎無所不在。閱讀時多留意記者如何轉述受訪者的話,是學習這套規則最自然的方式。

結語

間接引述的核心是「從現在的角度重新說一次」:時態往後退、代名詞換成正確的人稱、時間地點跟著調整,問句改回直述語序,命令改用 to V。理解背後的邏輯後,就不需要死背對照表,也能在日常對話和寫作中自然地轉述別人的話。

本文內容僅供一般英語學習參考,學習成效因人而異;語言檢定、留學與簽證等相關規定可能調整,請以官方單位最新公告為準。